Eight Factors Contributing To The Risk Of HIV Transmission From Parents To Infant You Should Be Aware

HIV transmission from parents to infants, also known as mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. While medical advancements have significantly reduced transmission rates, certain factors can still increase the risk. Here are eight key factors contributing to the risk of HIV transmission from parents to infants:

1. Lack of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) During Pregnancy
HIV-positive mothers who do not receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) are at a much higher risk of passing the virus to their baby. ART helps suppress the viral load, reducing the chances of transmission significantly. Without treatment, the transmission rate can be as high as 30-45%, while ART can lower it to less than 2%.

2. High Maternal Viral Load

A high amount of HIV in the mother’s blood (viral load) increases the likelihood of transmission. Women with an undetectable viral load due to ART have a near-zero risk of transmitting HIV to their baby. Regular monitoring is essential to ensure viral suppression.

3. Breastfeeding Without Proper Precautions

HIV can be transmitted through breast milk, especially if the mother is not on ART. The risk increases if the baby has oral sores or the mother has cracked nipples. Exclusive breastfeeding while on ART is safer than mixed feeding (combining breast milk with formula), which can damage the infant’s gut lining, making transmission easier.

4. Mode of Delivery

HIV transmission is more likely during vaginal delivery if the mother’s viral load is high. In such cases, a cesarean section (C-section) is often recommended to reduce the risk. Proper medical guidance is crucial to choosing the safest delivery method.

5. Untreated Maternal Infections

Other infections, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or bacterial infections, can increase inflammation and weaken the immune system, making HIV transmission more likely. Pregnant women with HIV should be screened and treated for other infections to reduce this risk.

6. Preterm Birth (Premature Delivery)

Babies born prematurely (before 37 weeks of pregnancy) have underdeveloped immune systems, making them more vulnerable to infections, including HIV. Prematurity is often linked to poor maternal health and lack of proper prenatal care.

7. Mixed Feeding Practices

Mixing breastfeeding with formula, animal milk, or solid foods damages the baby’s gut lining, increasing the risk of HIV entering the bloodstream. If a mother is HIV-positive and chooses to breastfeed, exclusive breastfeeding while on ART is the safest option.

8. Lack of Infant Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

Babies born to HIV-positive mothers should receive antiretroviral prophylaxis (ARVs) immediately after birth. Failure to provide Nevirapine or Zidovudine significantly increases the risk of infection. Early infant testing and treatment are also crucial in preventing progression to AIDS.

Conclusion

Mother-to-child HIV transmission is preventable with proper medical interventions, including ART, safe delivery methods, and exclusive breastfeeding with precautions. Regular prenatal care and HIV testing during pregnancy help ensure early diagnosis and treatment, greatly reducing the chances of infant infection. Understanding these risk factors empowers parents and healthcare providers to take the necessary steps to protect infants from HIV.…READ FULL ARTICLE [HERE]>>